School Counseling

How any child or young person grieves when someone they love has died will depend on many things, such as their:

• age
• gender
• their developmental stage
• personality
• ways they usually react to stress and emotion
• relationship with the person who has died
• earlier experiences of loss or death
• family circumstances
• how others around them are grieving
• amount of support around them

Babies, children and teenagers may often seem unconcerned, playing or doing their usual activities, so adults can assume they are not properly aware of the death, or affected by it. They are, but in their own ways. Babies, children and teenagers tend to grieve in bursts, and at other times will look for reassurance and comfort in their normal routines and activities.

Bereaved children and teenagers will need ongoing attention, reassurance and support. It is not unusual for grief to resurface later on, even well after the death. This can happen as they move through different life milestones, and develop as individuals.

At this young age babies and toddlers don't have an understanding of death nor the language to say how they are feeling. However, they can definitely experience feelings of loss and separation and are likely to pick up on the anxiety or distress of close adults or others around them.

Common reactions can include:

• looking for the person who has died
• being irritable
• crying more
• wanting to be held more; being clingy
• being less active – quiet, less responsive
• possible weight loss
• being jumpy, anxious
• being fretful, distressed

How to help them

• keep routines and normal activities going as much as possible
• hold and cuddle them more
• speak calmly and gently to them – and be calm around them
• provide comfort items, such as a cuddly toy, special blanket etc

At this age children find it hard to understand that death is permanent. They are also at a stage of magical thinking, for example, thinking someone will come alive again or thinking somehow they made someone die. They understand separation though, and feel insecure and frightened when the familiar things around them change. This age group needs a lot of reassurance that they will be safe and looked after.

Common reactions can include:

• looking for the person who has died
• dreams, or sensing the presence of the person who has died
• fearfulness, anxiety
• clinginess
• being fretful, distressed
• being irritable; having more tantrums
• withdrawing, being quiet, showing a lack of response
• changes in eating
• difficulty in sleeping
• toileting problems, bed wetting, soiling
• regressing in progress; for example, returning to crawling, wanting a bottle

How to help them:

• keep routines and normal activities going as much as possible
• tell them you know they are sad – start to teach and use words that describe feelings
• tell them they are safe, and who is looking after them
• keep separated from them as little as possible
• comfort them with hugs, cuddles, holding their hand, and by encouraging them
• speak calmly and gently to them – and be calm around them
• explain death as part of life, so they come to understand it bit by bit. Using some examples in nature may be helpful, such as watching plants grow, bloom and die or seasons change
• provide comfort items, such as a cuddly toy, special blanket etc
• encourage play – children can often use play to help them process what's happened; for example, sand play, puppets, dolls, writing, drawing, painting and various physical activities

Primary school children are still learning to understand death and can have some confused thoughts about it. They may think death is temporary, or that the person who has died may still feel things, such as coldness, hunger or loneliness etc. They may ask where the person is now, and have blunt questions to ask about what happened to them and to their body. Explaining death to them is very important.

Common reactions can include:

• looking for the person who has died
• having dreams about, or sensing the presence of, the person who has died
• blaming themselves for the death
• being easily distracted, forgetful
• being anxious; having increased fears, such as of the dark, of others' safety
• clinginess – wanting to be near you or others more
• withdrawing, being quiet, showing a lack of response
• being fretful, distressed, not wanting to go to school
• feeling embarrassment; feeling different from others; may conceal their loss
• physical complaints, such as tummy aches, headaches, aching
• being irritable, having more tantrums, being defiant, or developing antisocial or aggressive behavior
• changes in eating or sleeping habits
• toileting problems, bed wetting, soiling

How to help them:

• frequently reassure them they are safe, and who is looking after them
• keep routines and normal activities going as much as possible
• tell them you know they are sad – start to use words that describe feelings
• keep separated from them as little as possible
• allow questions and provide honest answers
• comfort them with hugs, cuddles, holding their hand, and by encouraging them
• speak calmly and gently to them – and be calm around them
• explain death as part of life, so they come to understand it bit by bit. Using some examples in nature may be helpful, such as watching plants grow, bloom and die or seasons change
• let them help in planning the funeral or something to remember the loss
• provide comfort items, such as a cuddly toy, special blanket etc
• encourage play – children often can use play to help them process what’s happened; for example, sand play, puppets, dolls, writing, drawing, painting and various physical activities

Common reactions:

All of the above relate to this age group, but it's important to be aware that by this age children know death is final. They are also more aware of how adults and others around them are reacting to death. This group may also:

• be especially anxious about the safety of family and friends, and themselves
• try very hard to please adults and not worry them, and so not let themselves grieve
• feel stronger emotional reactions, such as anger, guilt, sense of rejection
• want to take on more adult responsibilities, trying very hard to please
• feel embarrassment; feel different from peers; may conceal their loss
• become more focused on what’s happened and ask questions, think about it a lot, have dreams about it, and perhaps want to talk about it often to others

How to help them:

They need all of the help in the previous section, plus:

• time to talk with you and other trusted adults, when they need to
• regular reassurance – spoken, and with encouraging physical touch (such as hugs, pat on the back etc).
• honesty about events, and feelings
• to know you understand their grief
• regular encouragement
• avoid expectations of adult behavior – allow them to be the age and stage they are

By adolescence, death is accepted as part of life, but it may not have affected a teenager personally yet. Their reactions may fluctuate between earlier age group reactions and reactions that are more adult.

Teenagers will often want to be more with friends than family as they seek support. They may find the intensity of emotion overwhelming or scary and not be able to find the words or ways to talk about them with others. They may want to feel they're coping, and be seen to be, but inside be hurting a great deal, or be putting their emotions on a shelf for a later time.

Death can so shake teens that some react with risk taking behavior – to escape the feelings and reality and as a source of comfort; for example, drinking, drugs, more sexual contact or reckless driving.

Common reactions can include:

• being easily distracted, forgetful
• having difficulty concentrating at school
• being unsettled in class, a change in class performance, not wanting to go to school
• being overwhelmed by intense reactions, such as anger, guilt, fear
• having difficulty expressing intensity of emotions, or conflict of emotions
• blaming themselves for the death
• anxiety – increased fears about others' safety, and their own
• having questions or concerns about death, dying, mortality
• dreams about, or sensing the presence of, the person who has died
• wanting to be near family or friends more
• withdrawing to be alone
• physical complaints, such as tummy aches, headaches, aching
• being irritable, defiant, more antisocial or displaying aggressive behavior
• risk-taking behavior to escape, to comfort, or to prove they’re alive and strong; for example, drinking, drugs, more sexual contact or reckless driving
• changes in eating, sleeping habits
• bedwetting
• jokes or humor, masking feelings
• saying, or acting like, they don’t care
• wanting to take on more adult responsibilities, trying very hard to please
• strained relationships with others – fear or awkwardness about being close to others
• feeling embarrassment; feeling different from peers; may conceal their loss
• a sense of loneliness – isolation
• a change in self-image, lower self-esteem
• possibly suicidal thoughts
• possibly moving from sadness into depression

How to help them:

• be honest and let them know what's happening
• be willing to listen, and available to talk about whatever they need to talk about
• acknowledge the emotions they may be feeling—fear, sadness, anger
• it can be helpful for parents, or other adults, to share their own feelings regarding the loss
• frequently reassure them they are safe, who is caring for them, and which adults they can trust to ask for further support
• keep routines and normal activities going as much as possible
• talk to them about grief – what it is, that it’s normal, that everyone is different
• avoid expectations of adult behavior – allow them to be the age and stage they are, encourage them to express their thoughts and feelings - give them ideas of things they could try, such as doing physical activities, writing, singing, listening to music, talking with friends, reading etc
• allow questions and provide honest answers
• comfort them with hugs, cuddles, holding their hand, and by encouraging them
• speak calmly and gently to them – and be calm around them
• talk about death together; answer any questions they may have
• let them help in planning the funeral or something to remember the loss

If you are concerned about any extreme reactions, or if you think your child or teenager may have become depressed, contact your doctor or other trained adviser, such as a counselor, senior staff member from their school, social worker, community or youth worker or a local family support agency.

Bereaved children and teenagers will need ongoing attention, reassurance and support. It is not unusual for grief to resurface later on, even well after the death. This can happen as they move through different life milestones, and develop as individuals.

by Harold S. Koplewicz, MD

As a parent, you can’t protect children from grief, but you can help them express their feelings, comfort them, and help them feel safer. By allowing and encouraging them to express their feelings, you can help them build healthy coping skills that will serve them well in the future.

Break the news

My first and most important suggestion is that you don’t delay telling your children about what’s happened: It’s much better for the child if you’re the one who tells her. You don’t want her to hear from some other child, a television news report, or the headlines on the front page of the New York Post. You want to be able to convey the facts, however painful, and set the emotional tone. And you want to give your child as much time as possible to process the information, and her feelings about it, before she returns to school. Difficult conversations like this aren’t over in one session; expect to return to the topic as many times as your child needs to come to terms with this sad reality.

Answer questions

I suggest that you begin the conversation by telling you child that you have very sad news you need to talk about. Tell him that five members of a family at their school have died in a fire. Tell him their names. Let him know that you feel sad about it—tears are okay, but not hysteria.

Where the conversation goes depends a lot on how old your children are, how well they knew the children who died, and how many questions they have. You want to be prepared to answer (but not prompt) questions about whether the children suffered. You can tell them as calmly as possible that most people who perish in fires die of smoke inhalation, which is like falling asleep. Your goal is to avoid encouraging frightening fantasies. If they ask questions you can’t answer, it’s okay to tell them you don’t know.

Be reassuring

Talking about death is always difficult, but this kind of tragic accident is especially tough because of how egocentric children are: they’re likely to focus on whether something like this could happen to them. So it’s important to reassure you child about how unusual this kind of fire is, and the safety measures you’ve taken at your house or apartment.

Help them express their feelings

In your conversation (and subsequent ones) you can suggest ways your child might remember her friend or classmate: tell stories about things you did together, draw pictures, or write a letter to the girls’ mother. You want to let her know that there will be some kind of service for the children at school, and that she’ll have a chance to share her feelings and memories with other kids at that time. She might want to write letter to the children’s mother; if you’re religious, going to church or synagogue could be valuable.

Finally, here are some general guidelines for talking to kids about traumatic events.

1. Take your cues from your child.
   Invite her to tell you what she has heard about the tragedy, and how she feels. Since many children aren’t able to express their emotions through words, other helpful outlets include drawing pictures, or telling stories about their memories of the classmates who died.
2. Be developmentally appropriate.
   Don’t volunteer too much information, as this may be overwhelming. Instead, try to answer your child’s questions.  Do your best to answer honestly and clearly.  It’s okay if you can’t answer everything; being available to your child is what matters.
3. Focus on safety.
   A child’s primary concern after this kind of tragedy may be whether it could happen to him. You can let him know that such events are very rare, that you place a high priority on fire safety, and are confident that he and your family are safe. You can also assure him that this kind of tragedy is investigated carefully, to identify causes and help prevent it from happening again. It’s confidence-building for kids to know that we learn from negative experiences.
4. Be calm. 
   It’s okay to let your child know if you’re sad, but if you talk to your child about a traumatic experience in a highly emotional way, then he will likely absorb your emotion and very little else. If, on the other hand, you remain calm, he is likely to grasp what’s important: that tragic events can upset our lives, even deeply, but we can learn from bad experiences and work together to grow stronger.
5. Be available.
   If your child is upset, just spending time with him may make him feel safer. Children find great comfort in routines, and doing ordinary things together as a family may be the most effective form of healing.
6. Memorialize the children.
   Drawing pictures, planting a tree, sharing stories, or releasing balloons can all be good, positive ways to help provide closure to a child. It’s important to assure your child that a person continues to live on in the hearts and minds of others. 

One good way is to plan a school activity in memory of the children who died. Whether it’s planting a garden, or organizing a bake sale to raise money for children in need, it’s helpful for them to feel part of a community that shares their feelings. And in doing something for others they will not only feel good about themselves but will learn a very healthy way to respond to grief.

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